Pool Terms Glossary
Designed to help beginners and pool veterans get a better understanding of pool maintenance and pool equipment terminology.
Table of Contents:
A - C
acid
A sour chemical substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) with the ability to dissolve metals, neutralize alkaline materials and can combine with bases to form salts. Acid is used to lower (decrease) pH and total alkalinity of a swimming pool and spa water. Examples are muriatic acid (hydrochloric) and dry acid (sodium bisulfate). All liquids with a pH lower than 7.0 are acidic.
acid demand
The amount of acid required to bring a high pH and total alkalinity down to their proper levels. Determined by the Acid Demand Test.
acid demand test
A reagent test generally used in conjunction with a pH test to determine the amount of acid needed to lower high pH and total alkalinity levels.
acid rain
Precipitation having an unusually low pH value (4.5 or lower) caused by absorption of air polluted by sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.
acid wash
A procedure using an acid solution to clean the interior surface of a plaster, gunite, marcite or shotcrete pool with subsequent neutralization of the acid.
activated carbon
A granular medium material (available in granular, powdered or block form) produced by heating carbonaceous substances (coal) or cellulose bases (wood, coconutshells) in the absence of air. The carbon has a very porous structure, and may be used as an absorbent for organic matter and dissolved gases in water.
acrylic
A thermoplastic sheet formed into a mold to make a spa or related equipment. It is first heated and then vacuumed onto the mold.
aeration
Contact between air and water by bubbling air through the water or by drawing air in through a hydrotherapy jet or venturi.
aerobic
Bacteria that requires free, elemental oxygen to sustain life.
agglomeration
The gathering of fine suspended matter in water into flocs or larger masses that can then settle and be filtered from the water.
aggressive water
Water that is corrosive because it has a low pH, alkalinity or calcium hardness.
aggregate
The major component of plaster. Composed of sand, marble dust, pebbles and other solid material.
air blower
Mechanical device that forces air through holes in the floor, bubbler ring or hydrotherapy jets in a spa.
air relief valve
A brass or plastic manually operated valve located at the top of a filter tank for relieving the pressure inside the filter and for removing the air inside the filter (called bleeding the filter). Sometimes called a pressure relief valve.
air switch
A pneumatic control device used to operate pool and spa equipment safely. A button located near the water and convenient for use is pushed which sends air pressure through a small flexible tube or hose to a switch.
algae
Microscopic plant-like organisms that contain chlorophyll. Algae are nourished by carbon (CO2) and use sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. They are introduced by rain or wind and grow in colonies, producing nuisance masses. Algae are not disease-causing, but they can harbor bacteria and they are slippery. There are 21,000 known species of algae. The most common pool types are black, blue-green, green and yellow or mustard. Pink or red colored algae-like organisms exist, but are bacteria and not algae. Maintaining proper sanitizer levels, shocking and superchlorination will prevent their occurrence. For some easy tips to control pool algae, check out our articles HERE.
algaecide
also algicide – A natural or synthetic chemical designed to kill, destroy or control algae. Find pool algaecides HERE.
algaestat
also algistat – Any chemical or substance that inhibits the growth of algae.
alkali
also called base – A class of compounds which will react with an acid to give a salt. A substance that creates a bitter taste and a slippery feel when dissolved in water. An alkali has a pH greater than 7.0 and is the opposite of an acid. Alkalis may include the soluble hydroxide, carbonate and bicarbonate salts of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium. A reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization.
alkalinity
also more commonly called total alkalinity – A measure of the pH-buffering capacity of water. Also defined as the water’s resistance to change in pH. Composed of the hydroxides (OH-), carbonates (CO3–2) and bicarbonates (HCO3–) in the water expressed in ppm or mg/L. One of the basic water tests necessary to determine water balance. The ideal range is from 60 to 140 ppm. alum (AL2(SO4)3) The most common chemical is aluminum sulfate. Any one of several aluminum compounds used in pools to form a gelatinous floc on sand filters or to coagulate and precipitate suspended particles in the water.
ammonia
(NH3) Introduced into the water by swimmers as waste (perspiration or urine). Quickly forms foul-smelling, body-irritating chloramines – a disabled, less effective form of chlorine. See chloramines or combined chlorine.
amperage
(amps) The term used to describe the strength of an electrical current. It represents the volume of current passing through a conductor in a given amount of time. Amps=watts÷volts.
anion
An ion with a negative electrical charge. A negatively charged ion resulting from dissociation of salts, acids, or alkalis in aqueous solutions such as chlorides, nitrates, bicarbonates or sulfates.
anode
The electrode (positive) that attracts negatively charged anions. The positive pole of an electrodialysis system.
anti-foam
A chemical added to the water to make the suds or foam go away. These products do not remove the source of the sudsing. Most often, the water must be drained and refilled to remove the soaps, oils and other causes of foaming. Shocking, superchlorination, clarifiers and enzymes may help remove the causes.
anti-scalant
A chemical that inhibits or delays precipitation and subsequent scale formation.
anti-vortex drain cover
A cover or grate attached to the main drain that prevents a vortex (whirlpool) from forming as the water passes through.
APSP
Abbreviation for the Association of Pool and Spa Professionals.
ascorbic acid
(C6H6O6) A chemical compound used to remove iron stains from fiberglass and vinyl pools. It is Vitamin C and can also be used to dechlorinate or debrominate water.
atom
The smallest possible unit of an element comprised of a nucleus containing one or more protons and (except for hydrogen) two or more neutrons with one or more electrons that revolve or orbit around it.
automatic controller
A device that automatically executes the decision making necessary to determine the proper adjust of a chemical parameter. Controllers are currently capable of automatically adjusting pH and sanitizer levels in water.
automatic pool cleaner
Pool maintenance system that will agitate or vacuum debris from the pool interior. View Automatic Pool Cleaners HERE.
available chlorine content
A term used or an index used to compare the oxidizing power of chlorine-containing products to gas chlorine. It permits easy comparison of chlorine compounds. Gas chlorine provides 100% available chlorine, trichlor provides 90% available chlorine, Cal Hypo provides 75% available chlorine, Dichlor provides 56 or 62% available chlorine, Lithium Hypo provides 35% available chlorine, and sodium hypochlorite (liquid chlorine) is 10-12% by weight which means a gallon contains about one pound of pure chlorine.
available chlorine
The amount of chlorine, both free and combined in the pool water that is available to sanitize or disinfect the water. Sometimes called residual chlorine.
backfill
Dirt or other material used to fill in the area or gaps between the pool or spa walls and the surrounding excavation.
backflow
The backing up of water through a pipe in the direction opposite to normal flow.
back pressure
Resistance to flow, normally expressed in pounds per square inch (psi).
backwash
The process of thoroughly cleaning the filter by reversing the flow of water through it with the dirt and rinse water going to waste.
backwash rate
The rate of flow through the filter media during the backwash cycle, measured in US GPM/Sq. Ft. (gallons per minute per square foot).
bacteria
Single-celled microorganisms of various forms, some of which are undesirable or potentially disease causing. Bacteria are controlled by chlorine, bromine or other sanitizing and disinfecting agents.
bactericide
A chemical or element that kills, destroys or controls bacteria.
bacteriostat
A substance that prevents or retards bacteria growth.
baffle
A deflector plate on the inlet of a typical filter that disperses the water over the top of the filter bed or media more evenly.
baking soda
See sodium bicarbonate.
balanced water
The correct ratio of mineral content, pH and alkalinity levels that prevents the water from being corrosive or scale forming.
ball valve
A simple non-return valve consisting of a ball resting on a cylindrical seat within a liquid passageway.
base
Also basic – Chemical substance that releases hydroxyl ions (OH-)when dissolved in water. A class of compounds which will react with an acid to give a salt. A reaction between an acid and a base is called a neutralization. Kind of the opposite of an acid. All liquids with a pH more than 7.0 are basic or base.
base demand
The amount of base required to bring low pH and total alkalinity up to their proper levels. Determined by the Base Demand Test.
base demand test
A measurement indicating the amount of alkaline material required to raise the pH and alkalinity to their proper levels.
basic
Usually refers to water or a substance that has a pH higher than 7.0.
bicarbonate of soda
See Sodium bicarbonate.
biocide
Any substance or medium having the energy to destroy bacteria. Any substance or chemical that kills or inhibits the growth or microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, molds and slimes.
biodegradation
The breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms.
biofilm
A biofilm is a complex association of microorganisms and microbial agents attached to a surface. In hot tubs and pools, they contain various bacteria, viruses, slime, mold, and parasites as well as dirt and polysaccharides, which add adhesion to a surface. Biofilm grows in cracks and crevices within the plumbing and forms a slippery-to-the-touch slime layer on the hot tub or pool surface. Bacteria within the biofilm are protected from antimicrobial agents such as chlorine, bromine, biguanides, algaecides, etc. by a secreted extracellular mass that provides a barrier. These bacteria present a danger to swimmers and bathers because if they are released into the water, a bather may be contaminated before sanitizers can kill them. They can harbor very dangerous bacteria. It is therefore important to prevent them from forming in the first place. Once formed, biofilm can be very difficult to remove. In fact, most of the time, a chlorine wash is necessary to completely disinfect a pool or hot tub.
black algae
A really tough strain of algae that grows in pools and spas. It can be difficult to get rid of. See algae.
bleach
This term usually refers to liquid chlorine (sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, 10 to 12% chlorine by weight). It is the same chemical used in laundry bleach but pool chlorine is 12% available chlorine while laundry bleach is about 5-6% available chlorine. A gallon of liquid chlorine contains about 1 pound of pure chlorine or is equivalent to 1 pound of gas chlorine.
bleed
To remove air from a pipe or device, allowing water to fill the space.
bleeder valve
A device, usually on a filter, that allows air to be vented from the plumbing system.
blister
Refers to an air pocket in a plastic or fiberglass surface.
blower
An electrical device that produces a continuous rush of air to create the optimal bubbling effect in a spa, hot tub or whirlpool. It is usually plumbed in with the hydrotherapy jets or to a separate bubbler ring.
blue fingernails
Caused by too much copper in the pool water. Blue fingernails are not caused by chlorine. The copper may get into the water by the bad practice of placing trichlor tabs in the skimmer. This acidic product will cause low-pH water which will in turn dissolve metals in the equipment. The dissolved metal (usually copper) then stains hair, fingernails and eventually pool walls. It can also be caused by keeping the pH too low or misusing acid.
bluestone
also called copper sulfate – (CuSO4)
blue vitriol
also called copper sulfate – (CuSO4)
body oil
Term used to describe oil from or on our bodies that gets into the water. Sometimes it refers to sun tan oil or lotion.
bond beam
The top of a wall of a pool or spa that is built stronger than the wall so it will support the coping and surrounding deck.
borate
See sodium tetraborate.
booster pump
A water pump added to a spa circulation system to add pressure to the jets. Also used for some automatic pool cleaners. View Pool Booster Pumps HERE.
brass
A metal alloy of copper, zinc and usually some lead. Brass is harder and stronger than copper because of its zinc content.
breakpoint chlorination
The process of adding sufficient free available chlorine to completely oxidize all organic matter and ammonia or nitrogen compounds. All chlorine added after that point is free available chlorine. Requires a ratio of chlorine to ammonia of 7.6:1 but it is easier and leaves a chlorine residual to multiply the combined chlorine or ammonia content by 10 and add that as free chlorine to reach breakpoint.
bridging
A condition that exists when DE (diatomaceous earth) and suspended particles (dirt) closes the intended gaps between the filter and the filter grids in a DE filter which reduces the water flow rate through the filter.
broadcast
A method of applying chemicals to water by spreading them uniformly over the water’s surface.
bromamines
By-products formed when bromine reacts with swimmer waste (perspiration or urine), nitrogen or fertilizer. Bromamines are active disinfectants and do not smell, although, high levels are body irritants. Bromamines are removed by superchlorination or shock treating.
bromide
Common term for a bromide salt (usually sodium bromide – NaBr) used to supply bromide ions to the water so they may be oxidized or changed into hypobromous acid, the killing form of bromine.)
bromine
A common name for a chemical compound containing bromine that is used as a disinfectant to destroy bacteria and algae in swimming pools and spas. Available as a tablet or as sodium bromide, a granular salt.
brominetables
Common name for two chemical compounds containing bromine. They are used as disinfectants to destroy bacteria and algae. A separate oxidizer must be used to destroy swimmer waste. (Leslie’s Bromine Tablets).
brominator
A mechanical or electrical device for dispensing bromine at a controlled rate. Most often a canister or floater filled with tablets of bromine.
bronze
Any of various copper-based metal alloys that may or may not include tin, lead, or other metals in small amounts.
brown algae
A particularly hardy kind of algae that can look brown but is actually what is called yellow or mustard algae. See algae.
brush
Usually refers to a special underwater brush that attaches to the end of a telepole used for sweeping debris from the bottom of the pool or spa. View Pool Brushes HERE.
Btu
Acronym for British Thermal Unit. The amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit.
buffer
A substance or compound that stabilizes the pH value of a solution. It is also the water’s resistance to change in pH.
bypass
An arrangement of pipes, gates and valves by which the flow of water may be passed around a piece of equipment or diverted to another piece of equipment; a controlled diversion.
by-product
A compound that is not the compound of interest but is also formed during a chemical reaction.
CAC
Abbreviation for Combined Available Chlorine. Undesirable, foul-smelling, body-irritating compounds formed when insufficient levels of free available chlorine react with ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds (swimmer and bather waste, fertilizer, perspiration, urine, etc.). Combined chlorine is still a disinfectant but it is a much weaker, ineffective form of chlorine. Destroyed by superchlorination or shocking.
calcification
The formation of calcium carbonate on the walls or pipes, or in a heater due to the precipitation of calcium carbonate.
calcium
(Ca) One of the principal elements making up the earth’s crust. The presence of calcium in water is a factor contributing to the formation of scale and is a means of identifying hard water.
calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) Crystalline compounds formed in swimming pool and spa water when the calcium, pH and total alkalinity levels are too high. Once formed, the crystals adhere to the plumbing, equipment, pool walls and pool bottom. These crystals are better known as scale.
calcium chloride
(CaCl2) A soluble white salt used to raise the calcium or total hardness level in the pool or spa water. (Leslie’s Hardness Plus)
calcium hardness
The calcium content of the water. Calcium hardness is sometimes confused with the terms water hardness and total hardness. Too little calcium hardness and the water is corrosive. Too much calcium hardness and the water is scale forming. One of the basic water tests necessary to determine water balance. Minimum level 150 ppm. Ideal range 200-400 ppm.
calcium hypochlorite
(Ca(OCl)2) A compound of chlorine and calcium used as a disinfectant, sanitizer, bactericide, algaecide and oxidizer in swimming pool and spa water. It is available as a white granular material usually used for superchlorination or it is available as tablets used in a feeder for regular chlorination. It usually contains 65% available chlorine but is available as 70% and 75% also. (Leslie’s Power Powder® Plus and Leslie’s Power Powder® Pro)
calcium ion
(Ca++ or Ca+2) An electrically charged particle of the element calcium in water. The superscript ++ or +2 indicates the valence or the number of electrons that calcium can donate.
cal hypo
Common name for calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)2.
carbon
(C) An element represented by the symbol “C” and found in all plants, sugars, proteins, organics and hydrocarbons. Combines readily with oxygen to form carbon dioxide (CO2).
carcinogen
Known to cause cancer in laboratory animals and humans.
cartridge
A replaceable porous element made of paper or polyester used as the filter medium in cartridge filters. Learn more about Filter Cartridges HERE.
cartridge filter
A pool or spa water filter that uses a replaceable porous element made of paper or polyester as its removal system. Learn more about Cartridge Filters HERE.
catalyst
Any substance of which a fractional percentage notably affects the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed or undergoing a chemical change. Most catalysts accelerate reactions.
cathode
The negative electrode that attracts positively charged cations. The negative pole of an electrolytic system.
cation
An ion carrying one or more positive charges. A positively charged ion resulting from dissociation of molecules in solution.
caulking
Material (usually silicone) used to fill a gap in a joint and provide a waterproof seal.
caustic
Common name for caustic soda (NaOH) or any compound chemically similar to caustic soda. Not commonly used in swimming pools and spas.
caustic soda
Common name for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or lye. Used in water treatment to raise pH. Not commonly used in swimming pools and spas.
cavitation
The formation of partial vacuum when pump capacity exceeds water replacement supply. The formation and sudden collapse of vapor bubbles in a liquid, usually resulting from low local pressures, as on the trailing edge of a propeller.
cellulose fiber
A filter medium derived from virgin wood pulp. It is purified, strengthened and either milled or chopped in various sizes or grades. They can be used as a replacement in D.E. or sand filters.
centrifugal pump
A pump consisting of an impeller fixed on a rotating shaft and enclosed in a casing or volute and having an inlet and a discharge connection. The rotating impeller creates pressure in the water by the velocity derived from the centrifugal force.
CFC
Acronym for chlorofluorocarbon. Any of the various halocarbon compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine, once widely used as aerosol propellants and in refrigerants. CFC’s are believed to cause depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer.
CFM
Acronym for cubic feet per minute. A term used to describe the amount of air that an air blower will move. It is sometimes used to describe the amount of water moving past a point in a circulation system.
channeling Refers to the non-standard flow of water through a D.E. or sand filter wherein the liquid follows the pathway of least resistance rather than passing uniformly throughout the medium bed. Channeling does not permit uniform filtration of the water passing through the filter.
check valve
A mechanical device in a pipe that permits the flow of water or air in one direction only.
chelate
Pronounced KEY-late. Also called sequester. It is the process of preventing metals in the water from combining with other components in water to form colored precipitates that stain pool walls and bottom or produce colored water.
chelated copper
Copper algaecides that contain a special ingredient to prevent the copper from staining pool walls and bottom or producing colored water.
chemical feeder
Any of several types of devices that dispense chemicals into the pool or spa water at a predetermined rate. Some dispense chlorine or bromine while other dispense pH-adjusting chemicals. Learn more about Chemical Feeders HERE.
chloramines
Undesirable, foul-smelling, body-irritating compounds formed when insufficient levels of free available chlorine react with ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds (swimmer and bather waste, fertilizer, perspiration, urine, etc.). Chloramines are still disinfectants but they are a much weaker, ineffective form of chlorine. Chloramines are removed by superchlorination or shock treating.
chloride
(Cl-) One of the major anions commonly found in water. It is the ionic, non-killing form of chlorine. When chlorine in water (as Hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ion) is reduced or is used up, it becomes chloride ion in water.
chlorinator
A mechanical or electrical device for dispensing chlorine at a controlled rate. Most often a canister or floater filled with tablets of chlorine. Learn more about Chlorinators HERE.
chlorine
A term used to describe any type of chlorine compound used as a disinfectant in swimming pool and spa water or to kill, destroy or control bacteria and algae. In addition, chlorine oxidizes ammonia and nitrogen compounds (swimmer and bather waste). Learn more about Pool Chlorine HERE.
chlorine
(gas or elemental) (Cl2) Non-metallic halogen element of atomic number 17; Group VIIA of the Periodic Table. Atomic weight 35.453. Seventh highest-volume chemical produced in the U.S. It is 2-1/2 times heavier than air. It is compressed and stored in thick-walled steel cylinders in sizes from 2 pounds, 20 pounds, 150 and 1 ton. It is injected into water where it dissolves and produces hypochlorous acid (the killing form of chlorine). It is the purest form of chlorine.
chlorine demand
The amount of chlorine necessary to oxidize all organic matter (bacteria, algae, chloramines, ammonia and nitrogen compounds) in the pool or spa water.
chlorine enhancer
A chemical compound that when used in conjunction with chlorine makes the chlorine perform better as an algaecide.
chlorine generator
An electrical device that generates chlorine from a salt solution in a tank or from salt added to the pool water. Learn more about Chlorine Generators HERE.
chlorine lock
This is a term that implied that there could be so much cyanuric acid (stabilizer or conditioner) in the water that the chlorine would be all “locked up.” This is not true.
chlorine neutralizer
A chemical solution used to make chlorine harmless. Used in test kits to counteract the bleaching effect of the chlorine or bromine in order to increase the accuracy of pool water tests. Sold as chlorine and bromine neutralizer, it is used to destroy excessive amounts of chlorine or bromine so the high levels will not affect swimmers. Chemicals used for this are sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, hydrogen peroxide and Vitamin C. (Leslie’s Chlor Neutralizer)
chlorine residual
The amount of chlorine left in the pool or spa water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied.
clarifier
also called coagulant or flocculant – A chemical compound used to gather (coagulate or agglomerate), or to precipitate suspended particles so they may be removed by vacuuming or filtration. There are two types: inorganic salts of aluminum (alum) or water-soluble organic polyelectrolytes. (Leslie’s Ultra Bright)
clarity
The degree of transparency of the water.
clinoptilolite
One of the 30 zeolites. It is used in place of silica sand in high-rate sand filters. When activated with a sodium chloride solution, it removes ammonia from water by means of ion exchange. See zeolite.
cloudy water The visible effect in water created by material in suspension. Also called turbidity. A condition of the water due to the presence of extremely fine particles in suspension that can not be trapped by the filter because they are too small. Adding a clarifier such as an organic polymer or alum will coagulate the particles and make the filter more efficient.
coagulant
An organic polyelectrolyte used to gather (coagulate) suspended particles in the water.
coliform bacteria
Bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, commonly found in the intestinal tracts of warm-blooded animals. In sanitary bacteriology, these organisms are defined as all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, nonspore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with gas and acid formation within 48 hours at 95° Fahrenheit (35° Celsius). See also E. coli.
colloid
A small, discrete solid particle in water that is suspended (not dissolved) and will not combine or settle by gravity because it is too small. Colloidal particles are between 1 millimicron (1 nanometer) and 1 micron (micrometer) in size.
colloidal silver
A small discrete silver particle between 1 nanometer and 1 micron in diameter that is used as an algaecide in pool and spa water.
color comparator
A device used for water tests such as chlorine or pH. People can determine concentrations of constituents by visually comparing a permanent standard to the color produced when a reagent is added to the test sample water.
colorimeter
A device used in analysis in which a fairly broad band of radiation or color, usually in the visible wavelength, is used. For example, the determination of chlorine in water by using the DPD method uses a visual comparison of samples and standards. Other testing techniques use a photometer or light detector.
combined chlorine
Undesirable, foul-smelling, body-irritating compounds formed when insufficient levels of free available chlorine react with ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds (swimmer and bather waste, fertilizer, perspiration, urine, etc.). Combined chlorine is still a disinfectant but it is a much weaker, ineffective form of chlorine.
conditioner
See cyanuric acid.
contact time
The time that the material processed is exposed to another substance for completion of the desired reaction. For instance, the amount of time a bacteria is exposed to chlorine, bromine, ozone or some other oxidizer.
contamination
The introduction into water of microorganisms, chemicals, swimmer wastes or ammonia in a concentration that makes the water unfit for its intended purpose.
controller
A device that automatically executes the decision making necessary to determine the proper adjustment of a chemical parameter. Controllers are currently capable of automatically
adjusting pH and sanitizer levels in water.
coping
The cap or top lip on the pool or spa wall that provides a finishing edge around the pool or spa. It can be formed, cast in place or precast, or pre-fabricated of extruded aluminum or rigid vinyl. It may also be part of the system that secures a vinyl liner to the top of the pool wall.
copper
(Cu) It is one of nature’s elements. It is also used for various parts of equipment and plumbing in swimming pools and spas. Corrosive water caused by misuse of chemicals, improper water balance or placing trichlor tablets in the skimmer can cause copper to be dissolved from the equipment or plumbing and deposit the precipitates on hair, fingernails or pool walls. High levels of copper also cause green water. Copper is also used as an algaecide. Maximum level about 0.2 ppm.
copper algaecide
A chemical compound that contains the element copper. Copper sulfate (CuSO4) was one of the original copper algaecides. Too much copper in the water can cause green-colored stains. Newer copper algaecides contain an ingredient that prevents the copper from staining but does not affect copper’s ability to kill algae. These special copper algaecides are called chelated copper algaecides. Learn more about Pool Algaecides HERE.
copper sulfate
(CuSO4) A chemical prepared from copper and sulfuric acid. It is one of the oldest algaecides available. It is also called blue vitriol, blue copperas, bluestone, and cupric sulfate.
corona discharge
(CD) A discharge of electricity causing a faint glow adjacent to the surface of an electrical conductor and, similarly, adjacent to the dielectrics in an ozone (O3) generator during ozone production.
corrosion
The etching, pitting or eating away of the pool or spa vessel or equipment. Caused by improper water balance, misuse of acid or acidic products or from “soft” water.
coupling
A plumbing fitting that is used to connect to pieces of pipe.
hard top cover
A cover used on pools, spas and hot tubs that rests on the lip (coping) of the pool or spa deck, not a flotation cover, used as a barrier to swimmers and bathers, for maintenance and thermal protection.
winter cover
A cover that is secured around the perimeter of a pool, spa or hot tub that provides a barrier to bathers and debris when the pool, spa or hot tub is closed for the season. Learn more about Winter Covers HERE.
solar cover
A cover that when placed on the water’s surface of a pool, spa or hot tub, increases the water temperature by absorption and transmission of solar radiation, reduces evaporation and prevents wind-borne debris from entering the water. Learn more about Solar Covers HERE.
CPVC
A modified form of polyvinyl chloride, a synthetic resin that is composed of polymerized vinyl chloride and that, when plasticized or softened with other materials, has some rubber-like properties. A chlorinated polyvinyl chloride has more chlorine atoms per repeating monomer unit than does the polyvinyl chloride molecule. This extra chlorine is responsible for CPVC’s strength at high temperatures.
cryptosporidium
A waterborne protozoan that forms cysts and causes acute gastrointestinal illness in humans.
cyanuric acid
also known as conditioner and stabilizer – Chemically, conditioner is cyanuric acid, chemical formula H3C3N3O3. It protects chlorine in the water from being destroyed by sunlight. Minimum level 30 ppm. Too much does not slow down chlorine activity or effectiveness. Does not protect bromine from sunlight. (Leslie’s Conditioner)Back to Top
D - F
D. E. filter
also called a diatomaceous earth filter – A filter designed to use diatomaceous earth (D.E.) as the filter medium. The D.E. is added through the skimmer with the pump on which takes the D.E. and deposits it on a grid. The D.E. then becomes the filter medium. Learn more about D.E. Filters HERE.
dead spot
Usually refers to a spot or location in a pool or spa where water circulation is poor or non-existent.
debris
Generally solid wastes from natural and artificial sources deposited indiscriminately on land and water.
decant
To draw off the liquid from a container, basin or tank without stirring up the sediment in the bottom. The opposite of a slurry.
dechlor or dechlorinate
also called chlorine neutralizer - The process of adding a chemical to the water to remove the residual chlorine. Chemicals used for this are sodium thiosulfate, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, hydrogen peroxide and Vitamin C.
defoamer
also called anti-foam – A chemical added to the water to make the suds or foam go away. These products do not remove the source of the sudsing. Most often, the water must be drained and refilled to remove the soaps, oils and other causes of foaming. Shocking, superchlorination, clarifiers and enzymes may help remove causes.
deliquescence
The ability of a dry solid to become a saturated solution by absorbing water from the air. Dry Acid (sodium bisulfate) is deliquescent.
diameter
The length of a straight line measured through the center of a circle from one side to the other.
diatomaceous earth
also called D.E.– A white powder composed of fossilized skeletons of one-celled organisms called diatoms. The skeletons are porous and have microscopic spaces. The powder is added through the skimmer and deposits itself on a grid. The powder then becomes the filter medium.
diatomaceous earth filter
also called a D.E. filter – A filter designed to use diatomaceous earth (D.E.) as the filter medium. The D.E. is added through the skimmer with the pump on which takes the D.E. and deposits it on a grid. The D.E. then becomes the filter medium. Learn more about D.E. Filters HERE.
dichlor
Common name for sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione or the new term sodium dichloroisocyanurate. Chemical formula NaCl2C3N3O3. A fast-dissolving chlorine compound containing sodium, chlorine and cyanuric acid (stabilizer or conditioner). It has a neutral pH (pH 6.8) and is quick dissolving so it can be used for regular chlorination or superchlorination. Two types are sold. The anhydrous version that provides 62 percent available chlorine and is more dangerous to store and handle, and the dihydrate (Leslie’s Chlor Brite®) which has 56 percent available chlorine and is much safer to store and handle. Learn more about Di-Chlor HERE.
diffuser
A porous plate, tube or other device through which air is forced and divided into minute bubbles for diffusion in the water. A diffuser can also be an overdrain on a sand filter. A diffuser is also used on a closed-face impeller on a pump to concentrate water flow to the center of the impeller.
discolored water
Usually refers to water that has taken on a color from dissolved minerals, metals or from algae. Iron in water will turn water red or brown. Copper in water will turn water green or turquoise. Algae can make water look green, brown, blue or black.
disinfect
Means to kill all pathogenic (disease-causing) organisms. In drinking water it means a 99% kill of organisms compared to purification which is a 100% kill.
dissolve
The separation into component parts creating a process of solid particles mixing with a liquid and then taking on the appearance of the liquid. Like mixing sugar into water.
dissolved solids
also called TDS or Total Dissolved Solids – A measure of the total amount of dissolved matter in water. Examples are calcium, magnesium, carbonates, bicarbonates, sodium, chlorides and metals. High levels can cause corrosion, colored water or salty taste. Maximum level usually 2500 ppm for pools. Maximum level for spas, 1500 ppm over starting level.
distilled water
Water formed by the condensation of steam or water vapor.
diverter valve
A plumbing fitting used to change the direction or re-direct the flow of water. Some diverter valves are used on pool/spa combination to allow the use of the spa and then switch the flow back to the pool. A brand name diverter valve is called an Ortega valve which is sometimes used to describe a diverter valve.
DPD
Chemically, N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (C2H5)2NC6H4NH2. An indicator reagent used for the determination of free and total chlorine, bromine, ozone and other oxidizers in water. Better than using OTO for chlorine because it measures free chlorine.
drain
Usually refers to a plumbing fitting installed on the suction side of the pump in pools, spas and hot tubs. Sometimes called the main drain and is located in the deepest part of the pool, spa or hot tub. It is not a drain such as a drain on a kitchen sink. Main drains do not allow the water to drain to waste but rather connect to the pump for circulation and filtration.
dry acid
See sodium bisulfate.
dynamic head
The resistance caused by the friction of water flowing through an entire circulation system, including the plumbing and equipment and the head pressure measured from the suction and discharge side.
E. coli
Abbreviation for Escherichia coli, one of the species of bacteria in the fecal coliform group.
EDTA
Abbreviation for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a common sequestering or chelating agent.
effluent
The water that flows out of a pump, filter or heater, usually on its way back to the pool or spa.
elbow
also called an ell – A plumbing fitting shaped at a 900 or a 450 angle usually made of metal, PVC or some other plastic.
electrolysis
(1) An electrochemical reaction causing a black stain normally found around metal fixtures or on the plaster. It is caused by two dissimilar metals being plumbed together or from an improper electrical grounding of pool equipment or lights. (2) Electrolysis also means the decomposition of water and other inorganic compounds in aqueous solution by means of electricity. Chlorine generators use this principle to produce chlorine from salt in the water.
electrolytic chlorinator
A device that converts dissolved salt (NaCl) into chlorine for water disinfection. Also called chlorine generator.
element
(1) One of the 109 presently known kinds of substances that comprise all matter at and above atomic level. (2) A filter grid.
end point
The stage in a water analysis test called a titration at which equivalence is attained and revealed by a change that can be observed or measured, such as color development or formation of a precipitate. The color change when performing a water hardness test is an example.
enzyme
A very large class of protein substances that are produced by livings cells and are essential to life by acting as a catalyst in metabolism. In the pool and spa industry they are used to digest or eliminate oils, soap scum and other organic matter from the water and from filters.
EPA
Abbreviation for the Federal Environmental Protection Agency.
erosion
The process in which a material is worn away by a stream of water or air, often due to abrasive particles in the stream.
erosion feeder
An in-line or off-line chemical feed device (also called a chlorinator or brominator) for holding, dissolving and dispensing tablets of chlorine or bromine.
escutcheon plate
An ornamental shield, flange or border used around a pipe, plumbing fitting, grab rail or light. Learn more about escutcheon plates HERE.
etching
Corrosion of the surface of a vessel, plumbing, equipment or fixtures. Plaster etching is caused by corrosive or aggressive water, usually because the pH and alkalinity are too low.
evaporation
The process by which a substance is changed from the liquid state to the vapor state. The largest cause of heat loss in a pool or spa. Using a cover can cut down heat loss and heating costs.
eye irritation
Caused by too low or too high pH, too low or too high alkalinity, or a combined chlorine level greater than 0.2 ppm. It is not usually caused by too high of a chlorine level unless the level is greater than 10 ppm.
eye protection
Glasses, goggles or face shields used to protect the eyes from dust, debris or vapors from hazardous or irritating chemicals.
FAC
Abbreviation for Free Available Chlorine. Learn more in this helpful article.
feet of head
In a hydraulic system, resistance based on equivalent height of a column of water that causes the same resistance. The total dynamic head is the sum of all resistances in a complete system.
fiberglass
Finespun filaments of glass which are available in a rope or mat form. When used in a process with polyester resins, catalysts and hardeners, can be formed or molded into pools, spas and related shapes.
fiberoptic
Underwater lighting that illuminate by passing light through a small clear cable from a remote source.
fill water
also called makeup water – Water added to a pool or spa to replace water lost due to evaporation, splash out or drag out.
filter
A device that removes undissolved or suspended particles from water by recirculating the water through a porous substance (a filter medium or element). The three types of filters used in pools and spas are sand, cartridge and D.E. (diatomaceous earth). Learn more about Pool Filters HERE.
filter aid
A chemical compound added to the water or added to the filter that allows the existing filter to become more efficient. Examples are alum, water clarifiers and D.E. (diatomaceous earth).
filter area
The total surface area of the filter medium that is exposed to the flow of water from the pump expressed in square feet. Examples are: 36 sq. ft. (also 36 ft2) D.E. filter, 100 sq. ft. (also 100 ft2) cartridge filter.
filter cartridge
A replaceable porous element made of paper or polyester used as the filter medium in cartridge filters. Learn more about Replacement Filter Cartridges HERE.
filter cleaner
A chemical used to aid in cleaning of the filter element. Learn more HERE.
filter cycle
The operating time between cleaning or backwashing cycles of a filter. Also, the amount of time the filter has water flowing through it each day expressed in hours.
filter element
A device within a filter tank designed to trap suspended solids as water from the pool or spa is flowing through it.
filter medium
In essence, the material used in the filter to trap suspended dirt particles as the water is flowing through it. The polyester or paper used in making a cartridge filter element. The sand used in a sand filter. The D.E. (diatomaceous earth) used in a D.E. filter.
filter powder
Common name for diatomaceous earth (D.E.) used as the filter medium in a diatomaceous earth filter.
filter rock
Graded, rounded rock and/or gravel used to support the filter medium. Usually used with sand filters.
filter run
also called filter cycle – The time between filter cleanings.
filter sand
A type of filter media composed of hard, sharp silica, quartz or similar particles with proper grading for size and uniformity. The most common grade in pool and spa filters is #20.
filter septum
That portion of the filter element consisting of cloth, wire screen or other porous material on which the filter medium or filter aid is deposited. The nylon grid on a D.E. filter is the septum.
filtration rate
The rate at which the water is traveling through the filter expressed in U.S. gallons per minute (gpm) per square foot of filter area.
fireman’s switch
A mechanical switch located inside the time clock which opens a circuit ten or fifteen minutes prior to shutting off the time clock. Used to cool down the heater prior to shutting off the water circulation pump.
floater
A chemical feeder whereby the chemical is placed in a container and the container is allowed to float around the pool dispensing the chemical. The chemical dissolves in the floater and is released into the water. Most often these are used for chlorine or bromine.
float valve
A valve controlled by the liquid level of a fluid. Most toilets have float valves.
floc
The clump or tuft formed when suspended particles combine with a flocculating agent.
flocculating agent
also flocculant – A chemical substance or compound that promotes the combination, agglomeration, aggregation or coagulation of suspended particles in the water.
flocculation
The combination, agglomeration, aggregation or coagulation of suspended particles in such a way that they form small clumps or tufts (called floc).
flow
The rate of movement of water in gallons per minute (GPM).
flow meter
A device for measuring the rate of water passing through a given pipe in gallons per minute (GPM).
flow rate
The quantity of water flowing past a designated point within a specified time, such as the number of gallons flowing past a point in one minute – abbreviated as gpm.
foam
A froth of bubbles on the surface of the water. Usually comes from soap, oil, deodorant, hair spray, sun tan oil, etc. that is shed into the water as swimmers enter.
folliculitis
An infection of the hair follicles on the human body that appear as a rash. Most often caused by the bacteria pseudomonas aeruginosa.
free available chlorine (FAC)
The amount of free chlorine in the pool or spa water that is available to sanitize or disinfect the water. Sometimes called residual or available chlorine.
freeboard
The vertical distance between the top of a filter media and the overflow or collector. This space allows for bed expansion during backwashing.
free chlorine
The amount of free chlorine in the pool or spa water that is available to sanitize or disinfect the water. Sometimes called residual or available chlorine.
fungi
Small, non-chlorophyll-bearing plants which lack roots, stems or leaves, which occur in water and grow best in the absence of light. They do not cause disease but may serve as a harbor or shelter for bacteria and other organisms. They impart disagreeable tastes and odor to water.Back to Top
G - I
gas chlorine
A chemical element, symbol Cl2, used as a sanitizer and disinfectant in swimming pool water. The greenish gas is compressed and becomes a liquid under pressure. It is 2 times heavier than air and is highly toxic to humans if released.
gate valve
A type of valve in which the closing element (gate) is a disc that moves across the stream, often in a groove or slot for support against pressure.
gazebo
A free-standing, traditional garden structure usually made of wood and having a solid or open roof and open, latticed sides.
gelcoat
A colored, polyester-resin material applied to the surface of a molded part. The gelcoat hardens to a smooth, durable form and becomes an integral part of the laminate. Fiberglass pools and spas have gelcoat finishes.
geothermal
Having to do with the heat of the interior of the earth.
GFCI (Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter)
A mechanism that cuts the current to an electrical device the moment a change in voltage occurs.
Giardiasis
Infestation with or disease caused by Giardia lamblia.
GPD
Abbreviation for gallons per day.
GPH
Abbreviation for gallons per hour.
GPM
Abbreviation for gallons per minute.
grab rail
also handrail – A tubular steel or plastic device that can be gripped by swimmers or bathers for the purpose of steadying themselves. Usually located near the steps in the pool. Learn more about Pool Handrails HERE.
grain
A unit of weight equal to 0.0648 grams, 0.000143 pounds, or 1/7,000th of a pound. Water and total hardness is often expressed as grains per gallon.
grain per gallon
Common basis of reporting water analysis in the U.S. One grain per gallon equals 17.1 ppm (parts per million) or 17.1 mg/L (milligrams per liter).
green hair
Caused by too much copper in the pool water. Blue fingernails are not caused by chlorine. The copper may get into the water by the bad practice of placing trichlor tabs in the skimmer. This acidic product will cause low-pH water which will in turn dissolve metals in the equipment. The dissolved metal (usually copper) then stains hair, fingernails and eventually pool walls. It can also be caused by keeping the pH too low or misusing acid.
grid
Frame covered with fabric used as a filter media. Also called the septa or element. View Filter Grids HERE.
gunite
A mixture of cement and sand sprayed onto contoured and supported surfaces to build a pool. Gunite is mixed and pumped to the site dry and water is added at point of application. Plaster is usually applied over the gunite.
gutter
An overflow trough at the edge of the pool through which floating debris, oil and other “lighter-than-water” things flow. Pools with gutters usually do not have skimmers.
hair & lint strainer
Usually a basket before the pump that is design to catch and prevent hair, lint and other small material from entering the pump where it may damage the impeller.
halogens
The chemical elements either individually or collectively that constitute Group VIIA of the periodic table: namely, fluorine, chlorine, bromine iodine and astatine. Of these, only chlorine and bromine are used as disinfectant and sanitizers in pool and spas.
hand rail
A tubular steel or plastic device that can be gripped by swimmers or bathers for the purpose of steadying themselves. Usually located near the steps in the pool. Learn more about Pool Handrails HERE.
hand skimmer
A screen attached to a frame that is then attached to a telepole used to remove large floating debris such as leaves and bugs from the water’s surface. See Pool Nets and Skimmers HERE.
hard water
Drinking water term that indicates water that contains one grain per gallon (17.1 ppm or mg/L) or higher of total hardness. The ideal range of hardness for pools and spas is 200 to 400 ppm.
hardness
The amount of calcium and magnesium dissolved in the water. “Water” or “total” hardness refers to the total of the magnesium and calcium dissolved in the water. Calcium hardness refers to just the calcium. Measured by a test kit and expressed as ppm. Proper range is 200 - 400 ppm.
hardness increaser
A chemical used to increase calcium or water hardness. It is usually calcium chloride (CaCl2). View Water Hardness Increaser HERE.
head
A measure of the pressure at a given point in a water system, expressed as pounds per square inch (psi), or the height of a column of water that would produce the pressure.
header
A manifold in the heater that directs the flow of water into and out of the heat exchanger.
heater
A fossil-fueled, electric or solar device used to heat the water of a pool, spa or hot tub. Learn more about Pool Heaters HERE.
heat exchanger
A device located inside the heater providing for the transfer of heat from the heat source to the water. This is usually a series of metallic tubes with fins located just above the flames.
heat pump
A refrigeration compressor, usually electrically driven, that is operated in reverse. To obtain heat, the evaporator side (cooling coil) is exposed to water, air or ground. The coil transfers the heat from this source to the condenser coil, where it discharges the heat to the water in the pool or spa. View Pool Heat Pumps HERE.
heavy metal
A metallic element with a specific gravity greater than 5, such as copper, iron, manganese, silver and zinc.
herbicide
A chemical compound used to kill or control plant growth or algae.
high-rate sand filter
A filter using sand for the filtration media designed for flows in excess of 5 GPM but less than 20 GPM per square foot.
horsepower
Work done per unit of time. One horsepower equals 33,000 foot pounds of work per minute or approximately 746 watts. Motors for pumps are rated in horsepower.
hot tub
A spa constructed of wood with sides and bottom formed separately and joined together by hoops, bands or rods. Learn more about Hot Tubs HERE.
hydrochloric acid (HCl)
also called muriatic acid – A verystrong acid used in pools to control pH and total alkalinity. It can also be used for various cleaning needs. Used in “acid washing” a pool. Use extreme care in handling.
hydrogen (H)
The lightest chemical element. A component of water and a frequent product of many chemical reactions. pH is a measure of hydrogen in its ionic form in water.
hydrogen ion (H+)
The positively charged nucleus of a hydrogen atom. The relative degree of acid or base of a solution (called pH) is a measure of hydrogen ions.
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
An unstable, colorless heavy liquid used as a bleach in industry and as an antiseptic in households. It is used as an oxidizing agent in pools and spas. May also be used to dechlorinate pool or spa water. Chemical formula H2O2.
hydrojet
A fitting in the pool or spa on the water return line from the equipment that blends or mixes air and water creating a high velocity, turbulent stream of air-enriched water.
hydrostatic pressure
The force created by the water that tends to push pools up out of the ground.
hydrostatic valve
A check valve located in the main drain of a pool to relieve hydrostatic pressure created by rising ground water. The valve allows ground water into the pool, but does not let water out.
hydroxide
The ion formed by an oxygen and hydrogen atom. The term used to describe the anionic radical (OH-) that is responsible for the alkalinity of a solution. Hydroxides include sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
hydroxyl
The univalent group or radical (OH-) consisting of one atom of oxygen and one atom of hydrogen.
hypobromite ion (OBr-)
The ionized form of hypobromous acid (HOBr).
hypobromous acid (HOBr)
The most powerful disinfecting form of bromine in water. Sometimes called the killing form of bromine.
hypochlorite
Name given to a family of chlorine-containing compounds including calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite and lithium hypochlorite that are used as disinfectants and sanitizers in pool and spa water.
hypochlorite ion (OCl-)
An ionic form of chlorine in water. Hypochlorite can kill but is 30 to 60 times less effective than hypochlorous acid depending on the organism or chemical being oxidized. The ratio of HOCl to OCl– in water is determined by the pH. The lower the pH, the more HOCl.
hypochlorous acid (HOCl)
The most powerful disinfecting form of chlorine in water. Sometimes called the killing form of chlorine. The ratio of HOCl to OCl– in water is determined by the pH. The lower the pH, the more HOCl.
ideal level or range
The universally accepted ranges for the chemical parameters for swimming pool or spa water. For instance, the ideal pH range is 7.4 to 7.6; the ideal chlorine level is 1.5 to 3.0 ppm; the ideal total alkalinity is 80 to 140 ppm depending on the sanitizer being used; the ideal hardness level is 200 to 400 ppm and so on.
impeller
The rotating member of a pump. The part of the pump that moves the water.
indicator
(1) A substance that gives visible change, usually of color, at a desired point in a chemical reaction. (2) A device that indicates the result of a measurement. (3) A reagent in a test kit.
influent
The water entering the pump, the filter or other equipment or space. Water going into the pump is called the influent, while water leaving the pump is called the effluent.
inlet
A fitting in the pool or spa on the water return line from the equipment that water returns to the pool. Usually the last thing on the return line.
ion
An atom or group of atoms (a radical) that has lost or gained one or more electrons, and such possess an electrical charge. Positively charged ions are cations and negatively charged ions are anions.
ionizer
A water-sanitation device that uses electricity to generate metal ions which are dispersed in the water. It works by passing a low-voltage, DC current through a set of metallic (usually copper and silver) electrodes placed in line with the circulation equipment. The copper is an algaecide while the silver is a bactericide. Does not remove swimmer waste.
iron
Iron in water causes the water to be brown or green colored. Can be controlled by addition of a sequestering agent or a chelating agent. Water can be tested with an iron test kit. Also see ferrous and ferric iron.
isocyanurates
also called stabilized chlorine – A family of chlorine pool sanitizers that contain conditioner (cyanuric acid or isocyanuric acid) to protect the chlorine from the degrading UV rays in sunlight. Most common types are sodium dichlor (Leslie’s Chlor Brite®) and trichlor (Leslie’s 1” Chlor Tabs and Leslie’s 3” Jumbo Tabs) Granular form is dichlor which is fast dissolving and can be used for regular chlorination or superchlorination by broadcasting into the pool or spa. Tablet or stick form is trichlor which is usually used in a chlorine feeder either, the floating type or the in-line erosion type used for regular chlorination only.Back to Top
J - L
Jacuzzi
A brand name of a spa or whirlpool. The term has been used so frequently to describe a generic spa that Jacuzzi has come to mean spa just like Kleenex, Xerox or Scotch Tape. Jacuzzi Pool Equipment is an exclusive product line for Leslie's Pool Supplies.
jet
also called hydrojet or hydrotherapy jet – A fitting in the pool or spa on the water return line from the equipment that blends or mixes air and water creating a high velocity, turbulent stream of air-enriched water.
kilowatt (kW)
A unit of electrical energy measurement equal to 1000 watts. One kilowatt equals 1,000 joules per second, 1.341 horsepower, or 238.9 calories per second. One kilowatt also equals 3413 BTU/hour.
kilowatt hour
A standard unit of energy measurement (electrical) equal to 1,000 watt hours or 3,600,000 joules. Also expressed as the amount of electrical energy needed to burn a 100 watt light bulb for one hour.
ladder
A structure for climbing up or down; consists of two parallel sides joined by a series of crosspieces that serve as footrests. It is used for getting in and out of the pool. A double-access ladder straddles the pool wall of an above-ground pool. An in-pool ladder is located in the pool only. View all Pool Ladders HERE.
Langelier Index
A means of expressing the degree of saturation of a water as related to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) solubility. A calculated number used to predict whether or not a water will precipitate, be in equilibrium with, or dissolve calcium carbonate.
laterals
The horizontal filter grids at the bottom of a sand filter installed in the underdrain.
leaf bagger
A device that attaches to a telepole and a garden hose. Pressure from the garden hose creates a suction by which leaves and large debris are sucked into a large mesh bag.
Legionnaire’s Disease
A pneumonia-like illness first recognized on a large scale at an outbreak during 1976 American Legion National Convention in Philadelphia, PA. Caused by inhalation of legionella bacteria from aerosols produced by circulating cooling tower water, humidifiers, spas, and shower rooms. Thrives at 100° F but can be destroyed at temperatures of 170° F.
lime
A calcined chemical material with the formula CaO. Lime is used in lime softening and in lime-soda ash drinking water treatment. It is not used in pool or spa water treatment.
liner
also vinyl liner – The vinyl membrane that acts as the container to hold or contain the water in a swimming pool. View Above Ground Pool Liners HERE.
lint strainer
A device attached to the front of a pump to which the influent water line (suction line) is connected, used to trap lint, hair and other debris that could damage the pump impeller or volute.
liquid acid
also called muriatic acid – Hydrochloric acid (HCl) that is 31.45%. (Concentrated HCl is 37%). It is used for controlling pH and total alkalinity in pool and spa water, and for various cleaning needs. It is also used for acid washing. More information about Muriatic Acid in this helpful resource.
liquid chlorine
Sodium hypochlorite solution, chemical formula NaOCl; usually provides 10-12% available chlorine; has a pH of 13 and requires that small amounts of acid be added to the pool to neutralize the high pH. Good for regular chlorination and superchlorination. It is the same chemical used for household or laundry bleach except that laundry bleach is about 5.6% available chlorine. One gallon of liquid chlorine 12.5% is equal to about one pound of gas chlorine. Want to learn more? View this helpful resource for more information on Liquid Chlorine.
light niche
The area in a pool or spa that houses the underwater light.
lithium hypochlorite
(LiOCl) A dry, granular chlorinating compound with an available chlorine content of 35%. It is rapid dissolving and should be used to superchlorinate vinyl-liner pools, painted pools or fiberglass pools as well as spas and hot tubs.
lye
See sodium hydroxide.Back to Top
M - O
magnesium hardness
A measure of the amount of magnesium dissolved in the water. It is part of total or water hardness. It also causes scale if levels are too high. In tap water, magnesium hardness is about 25% of the total hardness and calcium is about 75%.
main drain
Usually refers to a plumbing fitting installed on the suction side of the pump in pools, spas and hot tubs. Sometimes called the drain and is located in the deepest part of the pool, spa or hot tub. It is not a drain such as a drain on a kitchen sink. Main drains do not allow the water to drain to waste but rather connect to the pump for circulation and filtration.
make-up water
Sometimes called “tap” or “refill” water. It is the water used to replace water lost to evaporation, splash out, leaks or swimmer drag out in the pool.
manganese (Mn)
An element on the Periodic Table. Symbol Mn. Sometimes found in ground or surface water usually in combination with iron. Manganese is noticeable because it causes black staining when concentration is greater than 0.05 ppm.
manifold
The branch pipe arrangement that connects several input pipes into one chamber or one chamber into several output pipes. A filter manifold connects several input pipes from the filter septa back into one common pipe.
Marcite
Originally a brand name for a white plaster finish coatfrom 1/8th to 1/2 inch thick applied over the gunite or shotcrete.
mechanical seal
A mechanical device or assembly that forms a seal between a pump casing and a rotating shaft to prevent leakage along the shaft.
media
A selected group of materials used in filters and filter devices to form barriers to the passage of certain solids or molecules that are suspended or dissolved in water. Media is the plural form of medium and refers to more than one type of barrier material. In the pool and spa industry, filters use either sand, polyester or diatomaceous earth (D.E.) as the media.
metal
An element that forms positive ions when its compounds are in solution and for which the oxides form hydroxides rather than acids with water. Most metals are crystalline solids with metallic luster, are conductors of electricity, and have rather high chemical activity. Some metals are quite toxic.
metal components
Plumbing, fixtures or equipment that are made of or have metal in them. For instance, a “plastic” pump may have a brass impeller. The brass impeller is a metal component.
mg/L
The abbreviation for milligrams per liter. Generally considered as equal to ppm (parts per million), but not exactly. Multiply mg/L times 1.001142303 to get ppm. Multiply ppm times 0.9988590 to get mg/L. microbe Minute plant or life.
micrometer
Same as micron.
micron
A unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter — it is .0000394 inch. Microns are used to describe the pore size of filter media. Sand filters have openings of 25-30 microns; cartridge filters have openings of 8-10 microns; and D.E. (diatomaceous earth) filters have openings of 1-3 microns. Humans, without magnification, can see objects 35 microns or larger. A granule of table salt is between 90 and 110 microns. Abbreviated as µm.
microorganism
Microscopic organisms, either plant or animal, invisible to or barely visible to the naked eye. Examples are bacteria, algae, fungi and virus.
milligram per liter
Abbreviated as “mg/L” and generally considered as equal to ppm (parts per million) – but not exactly. Multiply mg/L times 1.001142303 to get ppm. Multiply ppm times 0.9988590 to get mg/L.
millivolt
A unit of electrical measurement equal to 1/1000th of a volt. Abbreviated as mV.
mineral
Any substance that is neither animal nor vegetable. It is any class of substances occurring in nature, usually comprising inorganic substances, such as quartz or feldspar, of definite chemical composition and definite crystal structure. It sometimes includes rocks formed by these substances. Ground water dissolves these rock substances and the dissolved minerals are present in tap water. Depending on the kinds of rocks the water comes in contact with, the minerals dissolved in the water may be just a few or they may be many. Water hardness is mostly comprised of these minerals.
molecule
A chemical unit composed of one or more atoms. The smallest unit of matter which can exist by itself and retain all of its chemical properties. A molecule of water contains two hydrogen atoms (H2) and one oxygen atom (O) –H2O.
monopersulfate
See potassium peroxymonosulfate.
MPS
Abbreviation for monopersulfate.
MSDS
Abbreviation for Material Safety Data Sheet. Companies that make and distribute hazardous substances have to provide an MSDS on each substance and mixtures of hazardous substances. That is because you will have one place to look for everything you need to know about a substance’s or chemical’s hazards. It is part of the Worker Right-To-Know Law.
multiport valve
also called a rotary-type backwash valve – This valve replaces as many as six regular gate valves. Water from the pump can be diverted for various functions by merely turning the valve. The water may be sent to waste, used for backwashing, bypassing the filter for maximum circulation, normal filtration, filter to waste (rinse) or the valve may be closed to pass no water.
muriatic acid
31.45% hydrochloric acid, chemical formula HCl. An acid used to reduce the pH and alkalinity levels in pool water. It is also used in acid washing, a process that removes stains and scale from pool plaster. More information about Muriatic Acid in this helpful resource.
mustard algae
A particularly hardy form of algae that is yellow colored. See algae.
N-bromo compound
Any number of compounds formed in pool and spa water by the combining of bromine with nitrogen or ammonia compounds, complexing of bromine with nitrogen or ammonia, or partial oxidation of ammonia and nitrogen-containing compounds by bromine.
N-chloro
compound Any number of compounds formed in pool and spa water by the combining of chlorine with nitrogen or ammonia compounds, complexing of chlorine with nitrogen or ammonia, or partial oxidation of ammonia and nitrogen-containing compounds by chlorine.
needle valve
A valve with a circular outlet through which the flow is controlled by means of a tapered needle that extends through the outlet, reducing the area of the outlet as it advances and enlarging the area as it retreats.
neutralizer
A chemical solution used to make chlorine or bromine harmless. Used in test kits to counteract the bleaching effect of the chlorine or bromine in order to increase the accuracy of pool water tests. Sold as chlorine and bromine neutralizer, it is used to destroy excessive amounts of chlorine or bromine so the high levels will not affect swimmers. The most common ones are sodium thiosulfate, sodium sulfite (Leslie’s Chlor Neutralizer), sodium metabisulfite, hydrogen peroxide, and vitamin C.
niche
The housing built into the wall of a pool or spa to accommodate a light fixture.
nitrates
Chemical symbol NO3–. An oxidized ion of nitrogen. The presence of nitrates indicates the final stages of the end of the nitrogen cycle. Nitrates can be checked with a nitrite or nitrate test kit. The level should not exceed 10 ppm. Nitrate causes algae to bloom and disables free available chlorine. Nitrites are often reduced to nitrates in pool water by bacteria and algae. Humans, rain bringing in smog and nitrous oxide (NOx), bird droppings and fertilizer run off are the most common sources. They are not oxidizable and are not destroyed by superchlorination or non-chlorine oxidizers. Draining and refilling is the only practical way to lower them. Keeping free chlorine in the water at all times destroys the precursors to nitrate formation.
nitrites
Chemical symbol NO2–. Nitrites can become nitrates in pool and spa water. They disable chlorine and can cause algae to bloom. The level can be checked with a nitrate/nitrite test kit or strip. Nitrites can be oxidized by superchlorination.
nitrogen
A gaseous element (molecular formula N2) that constitutes 78 percent of our atmosphere. Causes algae to bloom and disables chlorine. It is brought into the water each time it rains. Maintaining proper chlorine levels will prevent nitrogen from becoming a problem. Superchlorination will remove nitrogen and its related compounds.
non-chlorine shock-oxidizer
A term given to a class of chemical compounds that are used to oxidize the water (destroy ammonia, nitrogen and swimmer waste). They contain no chlorine or bromine and do not kill living organisms. Swimmers may re-enter the water in only 15 minutes after adding a non-chlorine shock. Examples are monopersulfates, hydrogen peroxide and percarbonates. View Non-Chlorine Shock HERE.
NTU
Abbreviation for Nephelometric Turbidity Units. A unit of measurement to determine a water’s clarity.
oocyst
The oocyst is usually the infectious and environmental stage of cryptosporidium, and it contains sporozoites. See also cryptosporidium.
organic
Refers to volatile, combustible and sometimes biodegradable chemical compounds containing carbon atoms bonded together with other elements. The principal groups of organic substances found in water are proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils. See also organic waste.
organic chloramines
Chloramines formed from the combination of chlorine and organic ammonia or nitrogen (swimmer waste, perspiration, urine, sweat, saliva, etc.) these are not considered disinfectants like inorganic chloramines are.
organic waste
also called swimmer or bather waste – All of the soap, deodorant, sun tan lotion, lipstick, makeup, cologne, body oils, sweat, spit, urine, etc. brought into the water. They also form chloramines which are foul-smelling and they are body irritants. Requires large amounts of chlorine or non-chlorine shock to destroy.
organochlorine
compound Any organic compound containing chlorine as a constituent. Some organochlorine compounds are formed when chlorine or free chlorine reacts with organic substances. Others are synthetic organic compounds or chlorine-substituted by-products.
orifice
An opening (hole) in a plate, wall, or partition.
orifice plate
An orifice plate or flange placed in a pipe that consists of a slot or a calibrated circular hole smaller than the pipe diameter. The difference in pressure between a point in the pipe upstream and a point at the orifice may be used to determine the flow in the pipe.
O-ring
A round, circular rubber-material gasket shaped like the letter O that is used to seal around round objects, such as the ends of two pipes. Find the correct O-Ring for your pool equipment HERE.
ORP
Abbreviation for Oxidation Reduction Potential. It is a measurement of a body of water’s ability to oxidize contaminants. Measured with an electrode and an electronic meter. It is an indication of the sanitizing level or degree of safety from disease in the water. Measured in millivolts with the accepted minimum level being 650 mV (millivolt).
orthotolidine
A chemical reagent used to test the total chlorine level in pool and spa water. It does not measure free available chlorine. See DPD.
OSHA
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration. A federal agency in the Department of Labor that administers safety and health regulations and is responsible for their enforcement.
osmosis
The natural tendency for water molecules to pass through a semipermeable membrane, from the side low in dissolved impurities to the side high in dissolved impurities.
OTO
Abbreviation for orthotolidine. A chemical reagent used to test the total chlorine level in pool and spa water. It does not measure free available chlorine. See DPD.
outlet
The downstream opening or discharge end of a pipe. A discharge opening for water from the water distributing system to a fixture or a water operated device.
over-acid
An incorrect term used to describe water that is acidic or water that has a pH lower than 7.4.
overdrain
also known as a diffuser or distributor – An internal sand filter device that evenly distributes influent pool water over the sand filter bed.
overflow system
A system for the removal of pool surface water through the use of overflows, surface skimmers, and surface water collection systems.
oxidation
To rid the water of ammonia, nitrogen compounds and swimmer waste (organic compounds). These organic compounds disable chlorine, are body irritants and have a foul smell. Removal is accomplished by superchlorination or by shock treating with a non-chlorine oxidizer.
oxidizer
A non-chlorine shocking compound that removes or destroys built-up contaminants and chloramines in pool water without raising chlorine levels as required when “superchlorinating.”
ozone
A gaseous molecule comprised of three atoms of oxygen (chemical formula O3). It is generated on site from air or oxygen and used for oxidation of water contaminants.
ozonator
Electrical devices which produce ozone from air or oxygen used for oxidation of water contaminants. Corona Discharge or CD ozone is produced by a discharge of electricity at ranges from 1 to 7 percent ozone in air. Ultraviolet or UV ozone is produced by a UV light or lamp at ranges from .001 to .01 percent. View Pool Ozonators HERE.Back to Top
P - R
part per million
Abbreviated as ppm. It is a “weight-to-weight” expression. It means one part in one million parts, such as, 1 pound of chlorine in one million pounds of water or 119,904 gallons. Many of the common pool water tests as well as acceptable ranges are stated as ppm. For instance, Free Available Chlorine should be kept between 2.0 and 4.0 ppm; Total Alkalinity should be between 80 and 120 ppm; and Water Hardness should be between 200 and 400 ppm. A ppm and a milligram per liter (mg/L) are considered equal.
pathogenic organism
An organism that causes disease.
perimeter
The distance around the outer edge of a shape.
peristaltic pump
A positive-displacement pump using a rotary head that squeezes a flexible tube to deliver the pumped liquid.
permeability
A measure of the relative ease with which water flows through a porous material.
peroxide
Any compound containing the two oxygen atoms united together into a bivalent– O--O group. Readily releases abnormally active atomic oxygen, and therefore any peroxide is a strong oxidizer. Examples are hydrogen peroxide and potassium peroxymonosulfate.
pesticide
Any chemical or compound that kills insects, weeds, rodents, or any other thing considered a pest. In pools that is bacteria, virus, algae and the like. All pesticides must be registered by the U.S. EPA.
petcock
A small, manually-operated faucet or valve for draining off liquids or releasing air pressure. The air-relief valve on a filter is an example.
pH
A term used to indicate the level of acidity or alkalinity of pool water. Too low pH causes etched plaster, metal corrosion and eye irritation. Too high pH causes scale formation, poor chlorine efficiency and eye irritation. Proper range for pH in swimming pools is 7.4 to 7.6. It is always written with a lower case “p” and a capital “H.”
pH decreaser
A chemical that decreases or lowers the pH of the water. Muriatic acid, dry acid and sodium bisulfate are examples.
pH increaser
A chemical that increases the pH of the water. Soda ash, sodium sesquicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate are examples of pH increasers.
pH meter
A sensitive volt meter used to measure pH via an electrode placed in the water.
phenol red
A chemical reagent dye used to test for pH. It can measure pH from 6.8 to 8.2.
phosphate
An essential growth constituent of organisms and can be a nutrient that limits the primary productivity of a body of water. Excess phosphates or phosphorus in water can cause excessive algae growth stimulation to sometimes nuisance quantities. Phosphate in water is measured as phosphate ion (PO4-3).
plaster
A mixture of white cement and white marble dust used as an interior finish which can be tinted, colored or left white, applied to the gunite or shotcrete of a pool or spa.
pollutant
Any contaminant high enough to endanger the aquatic environment or the public health.
polymer
A substance made of giant molecules formed by the union of simpler molecules. Many water clarifiers are made from organic polymers. An example would be polymerized ethylene is called polyethylene.
poly vinyl chloride (PVC)
An artificial polymer made from vinyl chloride monomer and frequently used in pipes, sheets and vessels for transport, containment, water treatment facilities, pools and spas.
potable water
Any water, such as an approved domestic water supply, which is bacteriologically safe, non-pathogenic and otherwise suitable for human consumption.
potassium peroxymonosulfate
(KHSO4•K2SO4•2KHSO5) Active ingredient and chemical name of a non-chlorine shock treatment or non-chlorine oxidizer. Does not kill bacteria or algae but it will oxidize or destroy ammonia, nitrogen and swimmer waste. It has a low pH and it does not increase chlorine or bromine levels the way that superchlorination does, so water may be entered in 15 minutes after addition. Also, it will reactivate bromine to its killing form, hypobromous acid.
ppm
Abbreviation for parts per million. It is a weight to weight expression. It means one part in one million parts, such as, 1 pound of chlorine in one million pounds of water or 119,904 gallons. Many of the common pool water tests as well as acceptable ranges are stated as ppm. For instance, Free Available Chlorine should be kept between 2.0 and 4.0 ppm; Total Alkalinity should be between 80 and 120 ppm; and Water Hardness should be between 200 and 400 ppm.
precipitate
A substance separating, in solid particles, from a liquid as a result of a chemical or physical change. It also means to form a precipitate.
precoat
Refers to the depositing of diatomaceous earth (D.E.) onto the filter grids or elements. A very fine granular filter medium, such as D.E., applied (usually by slurry) to a retaining membrane or fabric surface prior to a service run.
pre-dilute
To dilute a chemical before adding it to the pool or spa water.
pressure
The force pushing on a unit area. Water pressure is normally measured in pounds per square inch (psi) or feet of head.
pressure gauge
A gauge with an analog dial indicating the pounds per square inch (PSI) of pressure that has built up within a closed container such as a filter.
prime
To fill a pump casing or siphon with water to remove air. Most pumps must be primed before start-up or they will not pump water.
protoplasm
Cell material inside the cell membrane.
protozoa
Small, one-celled organisms, including amoebae, ciliates and flagellates.\
pseudomonas aeruginosa
A gram-negative, aerobic, motile bacterial species. This organism is found in a variety of environments, generally aquatic, and is pathogenic (disease-causing) for humans. It has been associated with infections of wounds, burns, middle-ear infections, pneumonia, meningitis, gastrointestinal infections and systemic infections. It also causes rash.
PSI
An abbreviation for pounds per square inch.
pump
A mechanical device, usually powered by an electric motor, which causes hydraulic flow and pressure for the purpose of filtration, heating and circulation of pool and spa water. Typically, a centrifugal pump is used for pools, spas and hot tubs. Learn more about each pool pump HERE.
pump capacity
The volume of liquid a pump is capable of moving during a specified period of time. This is usually gallons per minute (gpm).
pump curve
also called a pump performance curve – A graph that represents a pump’s water flow capacity at any given resistance.
pump strainer basket
A device placed on the suction side of the pump, which contains a removable strainer basket designed to trap debris in the waterflow without causing much flow restriction. Sometimes called a “hair and lint trap.”
PVC
Abbreviation for Poly Vinyl Chloride. An artificial polymer made from vinyl chloride monomer and frequently used in pipes, sheets and vessels for transport, containment, water treatment facilities, pools and spas.
PVC pipe
A type of pressure pipe for water distribution manufactured from poly vinyl chloride compound. Many pools and spas are plumbed with this type of pipe.
quat
See quaternary ammonium compounds.
quaternary ammonium compounds
also called quats – A type of organic compound in which the molecular structure includes a central nitrogen atom joined by four organic groups as well as to an acid radical. Cationic quaternary ammonium compounds adsorb on the cell walls of microbes and algae and react chemically with the negative charges carried by the cell walls. These chemical compounds of ammonia are used as algaecides and algaestats.
radius
The distance from the center of a circle to its edge; one half of the diameter.
rate of flow
The quantity of water flowing past a designated point within a specified time, such as the number of gallons flowing past a point in one minute – abbreviated as gpm.
reagents
The chemical agents, dyes, indicators or titrants used in testing various aspects of water quality. View all the Water Testing Reagents HERE.
rebar
An abbreviation for reinforcing bar. Steel rods laid in concrete to add strength.
red water
Rust-colored water. Such color is usually due to the presence of precipitated ferric (Fe3+) salts or to dead microorganisms that depend on iron (Fe2+) and manganese (Mn2+).
redox
See Oxidation Reduction Potential.
remote switch
Any switching device that is used to activate equipment or apparatus from a distance. They can be wireless, wired or air operated.
residual bromine
The amount of measurable bromine remaining after treating the water with bromine. The amount of bromine left in the pool or spa water after the bromine demand has been satisfied. Includes hypobromous acid (HOBr), hypobromite ion (OBr-), free and total bromine and all combined bromine.
residual chlorine
The amount of measurable chlorine remaining after treating the water with chlorine. The amount of chlorine left in the pool or spa water after the chlorine demand has been satisfied. Includes hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hypochlorite ion (OCl-), free and total chlorine and all combined chlorine.
return line
Effluent piping.
rust
A reddish corrosion product occasionally found in water. Rust is formed as a result of electrochemical interaction between iron and atmospheric oxygen in the presence of moisture. It is called ferric oxide.Back to Top
S - U
salt generator
An electrical device that generates chlorine from a salt (sodium chloride, NaCl) solution in a tank or from salt added to the pool water. Sometimes called a chlorine generator or electrolytic cell. View Salt Generators and Cells HERE.
salt water
Water containing relatively high concentration of salt, usually over 1,000 ppm or mg/L but less than the sea. The ocean has about 35,000 ppm of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).
sand
Usually refers to the filter medium used by a sand filter. The grade most often specified by filter manufacturers is grade #20 with a particle size of .45 to .55 mm (millimeters).
sand filter
A filter using sand or sand and gravel as the filter medium. The oldest (patented in 1790) method of improving water quality, generally using two layers of sand supported by an underbed layer of gravel. View Sand Filters HERE.
sanitize
To render sanitary; to kill all living things including bacteria and algae. Similar to sterilize.
saturation
also called the saturation point – The condition of the water when it has taken into solution the maximum possible quantity of a given substance at a given temperature, alkalinity and pH. Water hardness is calcium and magnesium dissolved in the water. When the water can hold no more of these elements, they deposit or precipitate out of the water causing scale. Other elements that can be saturated in pool and spa water are copper and iron. Usually, as the pH and alkalinity rise, the elements become less soluble causing them to come out of solution.
Saturation Index (SI)
The relation of calcium carbonate to the pH, alkalinity and hardness of a given water to determine its scale forming tendency. Employs the use of factors and values for five constituents of the water (pH, alkalinity, hardness, TDS and temperature) substituted into a mathematical equation.
scale
The precipitate that forms on surfaces in contact with water when the Calcium Hardness, pH or Total Alkalinity levels are too high. Results from chemically unbalanced pool and spa water. Scale may appear as grey, white, or dark streaks on the plaster, fiberglass or vinyl. It may also appear as a hard crust around the tile.
scale inhibitor
A chemical added to the water that prevents scale from forming.
seal
Packing gland material or a mechanical device that fits around a pump shaft and prevents either air intake to the pump or water leakage.
scum
The extraneous or foreign matter which rises to the surface of the water and forms a layer or film there. It can also be a residue deposited on the tile or walls of the pool or spa. Sources of scum are soap, oil, deodorant, hair spray, sun tan lotion and various other residue.
sediment
Solid material settled out from the water.
sediment trap
A device for trapping sediment that is required on all gas heaters.
self-priming
A classification given to centrifugal pumps that indicates the pump is capable of operating above the pool water level after initially filling with water. Most self-priming pumps have a hair and lint strainer basket attached to the front of the pump.
sensor
An electrical or electronic device that measures water quality. Examples are pH electrodes, pH meters, ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) probes and meters, TDS meters and probes.
separation tank
A container used in conjunction with a DE filter to trap DE and dirt when backwashing.
septum
That portion of the filter element consisting of cloth, wire screen or other porous material on which the filter medium or filter aid is deposited. The nylon grid on a D.E. filter is the septum.
sequestering agent
also called chelating agent – A chemical that will combine with dissolved metals in the water to prevent the metals from coming out of solution (precipitating or causing stains). May also be a chemical that removes dissolved metals from water. (Leslie’s Stain & Scale)
shock treat
The practice of adding significant amounts of an oxidizing chemical (usually non-chlorine oxidizers such as sodium persulfate or potassium peroxymonosulfate) to the water to destroy ammonia and nitrogen compounds or swimmer waste. Shock treat used to mean superchlorinating to 10-20 ppm of free chlorine. View Pool Shock options HERE.
shotcrete
A mixture of sand and cement sprayed onto contoured and supported surfaces to build a pool or spa. Plaster is applied over the shotcrete. Shotcrete is premixed and pumped wet to the construction site.
silica
As used in water chemistry, a collective term encompassing dissolved, undissolved, and colloidal silica. In undissolved form, it exists as minute particulate and as encapsulated silica. In dissolved form, it can appear as a silicate, silicon dioxide (SiO2) and as silicic acid (H2SiO3).
silicone
Any of a large group of siloxane polymers used as caulking, adhesives, lubricants, protective coatings and many other uses.
silt
Soil particles having diameters between 0.004 and 0.062 mm (millimeters). Sometimes they may be too small to be trapped by the circulation system. In those cases, a clarifier or an alum product may be needed.
silver algaecide
Algaecides that have colloidal silver or silver ions as their active ingredient.
skimmer
A device installed through the wall of a pool or spa that is connected to the suction line of the pump that draws water and floating debris in from the surface of the water. The skimmer basket catches large debris while the filter traps smaller particles.
skimmer basket
A removable, slotted basket or strainer placed in the skimmer on the suction side of the pump, which is designed to trap floating debris in the water flow from the surface without causing much flow restriction.
skimmer weir
Part of a skimmer that adjusts automatically to small changes in water level to assure a continuous flow of water to the skimmer. The small floating “door” on the side of the skimmer that faces the water over which water flows on its way to the skimmer.
slime
Any of numerous substances of viscous organic nature that are usually formed from microbial growth and that attach themselves to other objects, forming a coating.
slurry
Water or a liquid containing a high concentration of suspended solids. Diatomaceous earth (D.E.) is usually added to the filter as a slurry by mixing a small amount of D.E. in a bucket of water and then pouring the slurry into the skimmer with the filter on.
soap residue
Residual soap left on our bodies from bathing or residual soap left in bathing suits or towels from laundering. This can accumulate in the water and cause foaming or a scum line to develop.
soda ash
See sodium carbonate. View Soda Ash HERE.
sodium bicarbonate
(baking soda or bicarb, chemical formula NaHCO3) Used to raise total alkalinity in pool and spa water with only a slight affect on the pH. (Leslie’s Alkalinity Up)
sodium bisulfate
(dry acid, chemical formula) A chemical used to lower the pH and total alkalinity. 2 1/2 pounds of dry acid are equal to 1 quart of muriatic acid. (Leslie’s Dry Acid)
sodium borate
See sodium tetraborate.
sodium bromide
A salt of bromine, chemical formula NaBr. It is used to establish a bromide “bank” in pool and spa water prior to beginning the use of bromine tablets.
sodium carbonate
(common name, soda ash, chemical formula Na2CO3) A chemical used to raise the pH and total alkalinity in pool and spa water. (Leslie’s Soda Ash)
sodium dichlor
Common name for sodium dichloro-s-triazinetrione, chemical formula NaCl2C3N3O3. A fast-dissolving, granular, stabilized organic chlorine compound providing either 56% or 63% available chlorine. Used for regular as well as superchlorination. Contains an ingredient (cyanuric acid or stabilizer) that prevents the chlorine from being destroyed by the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. (Leslie’s Chlor Brite®)
sodium hypochlorite
Liquid chlorine, hypochlorite solution, chemical formula NaOCl; usually provides 10-12% available chlorine (or about 1 lb. of pure chlorine per gallon); has a pH of 13 and requires that small amounts of acid be added to the pool to neutralize the high pH. Good for regular chlorination and superchlorination. Not recommended for spas. Does not contain conditioner or stabilizer to protect it from sunlight but it is protected if stabilizer or conditioner is already in the water.
sodium sesquicarbonate
Chemical formula Na2CO3•NaHCO3•2H2O. A chemical mixture of equal parts of soda ash and sodium bicarbonate used to increase pH and total alkalinity in pool and spa water. It has a pH of 10.1.
sodium sulfite
Chemical formula Na2SO3. A chemical used to neutralize, de-chlorinate or debrominate pool and spa water. (Leslie’s Chlor Neutralizer)
sodium tetraborate
pentahydrate Chemical formula Na2B4N7. White crystals or powder used to scavenge CO2 from water and as a buffer which supplies alkalinity to water so pH can be more easily maintained.
sodium thiosulfate
Chemical formula Na2B4O7. A chemical used to neutralize, de-chlorinate or debrominate pool and spa water.
soft water
Water that has a very low calcium and magnesium content (water hardness) – usually means less than 100 ppm or 6 grains. Also, water that has gone through a water softener. Pools and spa should never be filled with soft water from a softener. Water with less than 100 ppm of hardness should be increased to a minimum of 150 to 200 ppm using calcium chloride.
solar cover
A cover that when placed on the water’s surface of a pool, spa or hot tub, increases the water temperature by absorption and transmission of solar radiation, reduces evaporation and prevents wind-borne debris from entering the water. Learn more about Solar Covers HERE.
solar heating system
Usually panels or coils of plastic or metal through which water passes to increase the temperature from the sun’s radiant heat. View Solar Pool Heating Systems HERE.
source water
also called “tap” water – It is the water used to fill or refill the pool or spa.
spring board
also called a “diving board” – A recreational mechanism for entering a swimming pool consisting of a semirigid board that derives its spring from a fulcrum mounted below the board and attached to the deck.
stabilized chlorine
A family of chlorine pool sanitizers that contain conditioner (cyanuric acid or isocyanuric acid) to protect the chlorine from the degrading UV rays in sunlight. Most common types are sodium dichlor and trichlor (“dichlor” and “trichlor”). Granular form is dichlor which is fast dissolving and can be used for regular chlorination or superchlorination by broadcasting into the pool or spa. Tablet or stick form is trichlor which is usually used in a chlorine feeder either the floating type or the in-line erosion type used for regular chlorination only. (Leslie’s Chlor Brite®, Leslie’s 1” Chlor Tabs and Leslie’s 3” Jumbo Tabs). View Pool Chlorine HERE.
stabilizer
also known as conditioner – See cyanuric acid.
stain
A discoloration or a colored deposit on the walls or bottom of a swimming pool or spa. Most often stains are metallic oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates, silicates and phosphates of such metals as iron, copper and manganese. They may appear as green, gray, brown or black. They may even discolor the water. Sometimes a sequestering agent or chelating agent will remove them. If not, usually an acid wash is necessary to remove them from the walls and bottom. The metals get in the water because the pH was too low or someone has added a low-pH chemical directly into the circulation system. The low-pH chemical then dissolves a small amount of metal from the equipment. Then, under certain conditions, the metals begin to come out of solution and deposit or stain the walls and bottom. Stains are sometimes confused with scale which is a deposit of calcium or magnesium on the walls, bottom or in the equipment.
stain inhibitor
See sequestering agent.
static head
Head loss (pressure drop) caused by the weight of a standing water column to be moved. This occurs on the suction and discharge side of the pump.
static suction
lift The vertical distance between the imaginary center line of the pump impeller and the surface level of the water. This distance can be expressed as Positive Suction Head (pump below water level) or Negative Suction Head (pump above water level).
sterilize
To destroy or kill by any of several means all living microorganisms in water.
strainer basket
An easily removable perforated or otherwise porous container used to catch coarse material such as leaves, twigs, insects and other debris before they get into the pump.
suds
A froth of bubbles on the surface of the water. Usually comes from soap, oil, deodorant, hair spray, sun tan oil, etc. that is shed into the water as swimmers enter.
sump
A tank or pit that receives drainage and stores it temporarily and from which the discharge is pumped or ejected.
superchlorination
The practice of adding an extra large dose (5-10 ppm) of chlorine to the water to destroy ammonia, nitrogen and swimmer waste which can build up in the water. This level of chlorine is required to destroy all of the combined chlorine in the water, which is called break-point chlorination. Technically it requires 7.6 moles of chlorine for each mole of ammonia to reach breakpoint chlorination. If the ratio of 7.6:1 is not reached, ammonia destruction does not happen. Common practice in the pool and spa industry is to multiply the amount of combined chlorine times 10 and add that amount of chlorine to the water. This way you are sure the ratio has been met and there is some chlorine left over to provide a residual.
surface area
The two-dimensional area of an object. The surface area of a pool is just the length times the width – no depth. The surface of the water. Also refers to the filter surface area.
surface tension
The tendency of any liquid to pull in its open surface, so that surface is as small as possible. A function of cohesion. The attraction between molecules of a liquid that causes the surface to act as a thin elastic film under tension. Polar liquids including water have high surface tensions. Surface tension makes it possible to float a razor blade on the surface of a glass of water, even though the blade is much heavier than the water.
surfactant
A soluble chemical compound that reduces the surface tension between two liquids. It is used in many detergents and soapy cleaning compounds.
surge tank
A tank that accumulates water in response to a pressure surge and supplies water in instances of moderate negative gauge pressure, thereby preventing damage to pumping and piping equipment. suspended solids See TDS.
swimout
A recessed area outside the general perimeter of a pool. Swimouts are designed to allow entry and exit from the pool.
TAC
Abbreviation for Total Available Chlorine. It is the total amount of chlorine in the water and includes both free available chlorine and combined available chlorine. Learn more about TAC in this helpful article.
TDS
also called Total Dissolved Solids – A measure of the total amount of dissolved material in the water. It is comprised of the spent or carrier chemicals added every time chemicals are added as well as the hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, sodium, magnesium, calcium, etc. Maximum amount in pools is 2500 ppm. Maximum in spa, 1500 over starting TDS. The only way to effectively lower TDS is to drain part or all of the water and replace it.
telepole
A long-handled aluminum pole designed to extend in length onto which various pool-cleaning tools such as brushes or vacuums may be attached.
test kit
An apparatus or device used to monitor specific chemical residuals, levels, constituents or demands in pool or spa water. Kits usually contain reagents, vials, titrants, color comparators and other materials needed to perform tests. The most common pool and spa water tests are: pH, total alkalinity, free available chlorine, water hardness, cyanuric acid, iron and copper. View Water Test Kits HERE.
test strips
Small plastic strips with pads attached that have been impregnated with reagents that can be used to test pool water for residuals, levels, constituents or demands. The strips are usually dipped in the water and the resulting colors of the pads compared to a standard set of colors to determine concentration. View Water Test Strips HERE.
thermostat
A temperature – control device that cycles a heater on and off to maintain a desired temperature.
time clock
A mechanical or electrical device that automatically controls the periods that a pump, filter, heater, blower, automatic pool cleaner or other electrical devices are on.
titration
The method used to test for total alkalinity and water hardness in swimming pool and spa water. An indicator reagent is added to a sample and then another reagent (a titrant) is added until the sample changes color. The drops or amount of titrant used are equal to the concentration in ppm.
total alkalinity
The total amount of alkaline materials present in the water. Also called the buffering capacity of the water. It is the water’s resistance to change in pH. Low total alkalinity causes metal corrosion, plaster etching and eye irritation. High total alkalinity causes scale formation, poor chlorine efficiency and eye irritation. The test measures for hydroxides (OH-), carbonates (CO3-2) and bicarbonates (HCO3-).
total chlorine
also Total Available Chlorine – The total amount of chlorine in the water. It includes both free available and combined chlorine.
total dissolved solids
See TDS.
total dynamic head
The sum of all resistances in an operating circulation system.
toxic
Means that a substance has an adverse physiological effect on human beings or other living organisms if the substance is contacted, ingested or inhaled.
trichlor
Common name for trichloro-s-triazinetrione or the new name trichloroisocyanurate, chemical formula Cl3C3N3O3. A slow-dissolving, tabletted, stabilized organic chlorine compound providing 90% available chlorine. Used for regular chlorination but must be dispensed using a floating feeder or an in-line feeder (chlorinator). Trichlor contains an ingredient (cyanuric acid or stabilizer) that prevents the chlorine from being destroyed by the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun. Trichlor has a pH of 2.8 and regular trichlor tabs should not be placed in the skimmer as the low pH will corrode the metal components in the equipment.Back to Top
V - X
Y / Z
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